CCNA2 Final (New version 1)
ccna2 final version 4.0(97,2%)
1
Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator issues the command no ip classless on Router1. What forwarding action will take place on a packet that is received by Router1 and is destined for host 192.168.0.26?
.****The packet will be dropped
The packet will be forwarded to the gateway of last resort.
The packet will match the 192.168.0.0 network and be forwarded out Serial 0/0.
The packet will most closely match the 192.168.0.8 subnet and be forwarded out Serial 0/1.
2
Which three statements are true of holddown timers? (Choose three.)
used by link state routing protocols to prevent routing loops
***prevent update messages from reinstating a route that may have gone bad
***allow routers to still forward packets to destination networks that are in holddown
limit the number of hops a packet can traverse through the network before it is discarded
prevent a router advertising a network through the same interface from which the network was learned
***permit lower metric updates received from any neighboring router to reinstate the route to a possibly down Network
3
What command would the network administrator apply to a router that is running OSPF to advertise the entire range of addresses included in 172.16.0.0/19 in area 0?
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.3.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.15.255 area 0
****R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.31.255 area 0
4
Refer to the exhibit. Hosts on the BOS Fa0/0 LAN are able to ping the Fa0/1 interface on the JAX router and all interfaces on the BOS and ORL routers. Why would hosts from the 10.0.0.0/24 network not be able to ping hosts on the Fa0/0 LAN of the JAX router?
The JAX router has the wrong process ID.
The JAX router needs the network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 command.
***The JAX router needs the network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 command.
The BOS router needs the network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 command.
5
Refer to the exhibit. Which path will traffic from the 172.16.1.0/24 network take to get to the 10.0.0.0/24 network?
ADC
ABC
***It will load balance the traffic between ADC and ABC
It will send the traffic via ABC, and will use ADC as a backup path only when ABC fails.
6
Refer to the exhibit. Pings are failing between HostA and HostB. The network administrator discovers that Router1 does not have a route to the 172.16.0.0 network. Assuming Router2 is configured correctly, which two static routes could be configured on Router1 to enable Host A to reach network 172.16.0.0? (Choose two.)
****ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/0
ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/1
ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.1
****ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.2
ip route 192.168.0.1 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/0
ip route 192.168.0.1 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/1
7
What can be determined from the output shown in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
Annapolis is a 2611 router that is connected to the S0/0 interface of the Montgomery router.
All of the routers are connected to Montgomery through an Ethernet switch.
***Montgomery has Layer 2 connectivity with Cumberland.
Layer 3 connectivity is operational for all of the devices listed in the Device ID column.
An administrator consoled into the Waldorf router can ping the Brant router.
***Brant, Fisherman, and Potomac are directly connected to Montgomery.
8
Refer to the exhibit. R1 knows two routes, Path A and Path B, to the Ethernet network attached to R3. R1 learned Path A to network 10.2.0.0/16 from a static route and Path B to network 10.2.0.0/16 from EIGRP. Which route will R1 install in its routing table?
Both routes are installed and load balancing occurs across both paths.
The route via Path B is installed because the EIGRP route has the best metric to network 10.2.0.0/16.
***The route via Path A is installed because the static route has the best metric to network 10.2.0.0/16.
The route via Path B is installed because the EIGRP route has the lowest administrative distance to network 10.2.0.0/16.
The route via Path A is installed because the static route has the lowest administrative distance to network 10.2.0.0/16.
9
Which two statements are true regarding link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.)
They do not work well in networks that require special heirarchical designs.
***They are aware of the complete network topology.
They pass their entire routing tables to their directly connected neighbors only.
***They offer rapid convergence times in large networks.
They rely on decreasing hop counts to determine the best path.
They do not include subnet masks in their routing updates.
10
A network administrator has configured a default route on Router_A but it is not being shared with adjacent Router_B and the other routers in the OSPF area. Which command will save the administrator the time and trouble of configuring this default route on Router_B and all of the other routers in the OSPF area?
Router_A(config-router)# ospf redistribute default-route
Router_B(config-router)# ospf redistribute default-route
***Router_A(config-router)# default-information originate
Router_B(config-router)# default-information originate
Router_A(config-router)# ip ospf update-default
Router_B(config-router)# ip ospf update-default
11
Refer to the exhibit. What are the effects of the exhibited commands on the router?
All passwords are encrypted.
***Only Telnet sessions are encrypted.
Only the enable password is encrypted.
Only the enable password and Telnet session are encrypted.
Enable and console passwords are encrypted.
12
When presented with multiple valid routes to a destination, what criteria does a router use to determine which routes to add to the routing table?
The router selects the routes with the best metric. All routes that have the same best metric are added to the routing table.
***The router first selects routes with the lowest administrative distance. The resulting routes are then prioritized by metric and the routes with the best metric are added to the routing table.
The router selects the routes with the lowest administrative distance. All routes with the same lowest administrative
distance are added to the routing table.
The router installs all routes in the routing table but uses the route with the best metric most when load balancing.
13
Which statement is true regarding routing metrics?
All routing protocols use the same metrics.
EIGRP uses bandwidth as its only metric.
***Routers compare metrics to determine the best route.
The larger metric generally represents the better path.
14
A router has learned about a network through static and dynamic routing processes. Which route will be used to reach network 192.168.168.0?
D 192.168.168.0/24 [90/2195456] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:09, Ethernet0
O 192.168.168.0/24 [110/1012] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:22, Ethernet0
R 192.168.168.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:17, Ethernet0
***S 192.168.168.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.200.1
15
Which three statements are true regarding the encapsulation and de-encapsulation of packets when traveling through a router? (Choose three.)
***The router modifies the TTL field, decrementing it by one.
The router changes the source IP to the IP of the exit interface.
***The router maintains the same source and destination IP.
***The router changes the source physical address to the physical address of the exit interface.
The router changes the destination IP to the IP of the exit interface.
The router sends the packet out all other interfaces, besides the one it entered the router on.
16
When the show cdp neighbors command is issued from Router C, which devices will be displayed in the output?
D, SWH-2
A, B, D
SWH-1, SWH-2
***B, D
SWH-1, A, B
A, B, D, SWH-1, SWH-2
17
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is trying to determine why router JAX has no OSPF routes in its routing table. All routers are configured for OSPF area 0. From the JAX router, the administrator is able to ping its connected interfaces and the Fa0/1 interface of the ORL router but no other router interfaces. What is a logical step that the network administrator should take to troubleshoot the problem?
Reboot the routers.
Change the OSPF process ID on all of the routers to 0.
Check to see if the cable is loose between ORL and JAX.
Check to see if CDP packets are passing between the routers.
***Use show and debug commands to determine if hellos are propagating.
18
Using default settings, what is the next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash?
Perform the POST routine.
Search for a backup IOS in ROM.
Load the bootstrap program from ROM.
Load the running-config file from RAM.
***Locate and load the startup-config file from NVRAM.
19
Refer to the exhibit. What summary address can Router2 advertise to Router1 to reach the three networks on Routers 3, 4, and 5 without advertising any public address space or overlapping the networks on Router1?
172.16.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/10
***172.16.0.0/13
172.16.0.0/20
172.16.0.0/24
20
The network shown in the diagram is having problems routing traffic. It is suspected that the problem is with the addressing scheme. What is the problem with the addressing used in the topology?
The address assigned to the Ethernet0 interface of Router1 is a broadcast address for that subnetwork.
***The subnetwork configured on the serial link between Router1 and Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork
assigned to Ethernet0 of Router3.
The subnetwork assigned to the Serial0 interface of Router1 is on a different subnetwork from the address for
Serial0 of Router2.
The subnetwork assigned to Ethernet0 of Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet0 of Router3.
21
Refer to the exhibit. A new PC was deployed in the Sales network. It was given the host address of 192.168.10.31 with a default gateway of 192.168.10.17. The PC is not communicating with the network properly. What is the cause?
The address is in the wrong subnet.
192.168.10.31 is the broadcast address for this subnet.
The default gateway is incorrect.
***The host address and default gateway are swapped.
22
Refer to the exhibit. The network is running the RIP routing protocol. Network 10.0.0.0 goes down. Which statement is true regarding how the routers in this topology will respond to this event?
Router4 will learn about the failed route 30 seconds later in the next periodic update.
Split horizon will prevent Router4 from forwarding packets to the 10.0.0.0 network until the holddown
timer expires.
Router5 immediately flushes the unreachable route from its routing table.
***Router5 will send Router4 a triggered update with a metric of 16 for network 10.0.0.0.
23
Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true of the routing table for Router1? (Choose three.)
The route to network 172.16.0.0 has an AD of 156160.
Network 192.168.0.16 can best be reached using FastEthernet0/0.
***The AD of EIGRP routes has been manually changed to a value other than the default value.
***Router1 is running both the EIGRP and OSPF routing process.
Network 172.17.0.0 can only be reached using a default route.
***No default route has been configured.
24
Refer to the exhibit. What is the most efficient summarization of the routes attached to router R1?
198.18.0.0/16
***198.18.48.0/21
198.18.32.0/22
198.18.48.0/23
198.18.49.0/23
198.18.52.0/22
25
What is the purpose of the TTL field within an IP packet header?
clears an unreachable route from the routing table after the invalid timer expires
prevents regular update messages from inappropriately reinstating a route that may have gone bad
removes an unreachable route from the routing table after the flush timer expires
***limits the period of time or number of hops a packet can traverse through the network before it should be
discarded
used to mark the route as unreachable in a routing update that is sent to other routers
26
Refer to exhibit. Given the topology shown in the exhibit, what three commands are needed to configure EIGRP on the Paris router? (Choose three.)
***Paris(config)# router eigrp 100
Paris(config)# router eigrp
Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.6.0
***Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.7.0
***Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.8.0
Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.9.0
27
What does RIP use to reduce convergence time in a larger network?
It reduces the update timer to 15 seconds if there are more then 10 routes.
***It uses triggered updates to announce network changes if they happen in between the periodic updates.
It uses random pings to detect if a pathway is down and therefore is preemptive on finding networks that
are down.
It uses multicast instead of broadcast to send routing updates.
28
Refer to the exhibit. What two statements are true based on the output shown? (Choose two.)
the reported distance to network 172.16.1.0 is 2172416
192.168.10.5 and 192.168.10.9 are feasible successors
***neighbors 192.168.10.9 and 192.168.10.5 have auto summary disabled
***router 3 is load balancing traffic to the 172.16.3.0 network across its serial interfaces
all interfaces shown on Router3 are in the passive state and will not send EIGRP advertisements
29
Refer to the exhibit. The network is using the RIPv2 routing protocol. If network 10.0.0.0 goes down, what mechanism will prevent Router1 from advertising false routing information back to Router2?
triggered updates
poison reverse
holddown timers
***split horizon
30
What is the function of the OSPF LSU packet?
used to confirm receipt of certain types of OSPF packets
used to establish and maintain adjacency with other OSPF routers
used to request more information about any entry in the BDR
***used to announce new OSPF information and to reply to certain types of requests
31
Refer to the exhibit. The routers in the exhibit are running the EIGRP routing protocol. What statement is true regarding how packets will travel from the 172.16.1.0/16 network to the 192.168.200.0/24 network?
The router chooses the first path that it learned and installs only that route in the routing table.
The router chooses the path with the lowest administrative distance and installs only that route in the routing table.
The router chooses the highest routing ID based on the advertised network IP addresses and installs only that
route in the routing table.
The router installs all the equal cost paths in the routing table but sends packets out only one, holding the others
in reserve in case the primary route goes down.
***The router installs all the equal cost paths in the routing table and performs equal cost load balancing to send
packets out multiple exit interfaces.
32
Refer to the exhibit. A packet enters Router1 with a destination IP of 172.16.28.121. Which routing table entry will be used to forward this packet to the destination address?
172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 192.168.0.1
172.16.0.0/20 [1/0] via 192.168.0.9
***172.16.16.0/20 [1/0] via 192.168.0.17
0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
33
Refer to the exhibit. Routers 1 and 2 are directly connected over a serial link. Pings are failing between the two routers. What change by the administrator will correct the problem?
Set the encapsulation on both routers to PPP.
Decrease the bandwidth on Serial 0/1/0 on router 2 to 1544.
Change the cable that connects the routers to a crossover cable.
***Change the IP address on Serial 0/1/0 on router 2 to 192.168.0.1/30.
34
Which two router component and operation pair are correctly described? (Choose two.)
DRAM - loads the bootstrap
RAM - stores the operating system
Flash - executes diagnostics at bootup
***NVRAM - stores the configuration file
ROM - stores the backup configuration file
***POST - runs diagnostics on hardware modules
35
The network administrator configures the router with the ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 command.
How will this route appear in the routing table?
C 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2
***S 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2
36
Refer to the exhibit. How many routes are both level 1 and qualify for use as an ultimate route?
1
***2
3
4
5
6
37
Refer to the exhibit. All router interfaces are configured with an IP address and are operational. If no routing protocols
or static routes are configured, what information will be included in the show ip route command output for router A?
All of the 192.168.x.0 networks will be in the routing table.
Routes to networks 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.3.0/24 will be in the routing table.
***The routing table will be empty because routes and dynamic routes have not been configured.
A default route is automatically installed in the routing table to allow connectivity between the networks.
38
Which three statements about routing protocols are true? (Choose three.)
***OSPF elects designated routers on multiaccess links.
RIP does not support classless routing.
***EIGRP supports unequal cost load balancing.
EIGRP uses broadcast traffic to establish adjacencies with its neighbors.
***RIP does not advertise a route beyond a hop count of 15.
OSPF can convergence more quickly because it can find a feasible successor in its topology table when a successor route goes down.
39
Refer to the exhibit. What will happen if interface Serial0/0/1 goes down on Router1?
The Dijkstra algorithm will calculate the feasible successor.
***DUAL will query neighbors for a route to network 192.168.1.0.
Neighbor 172.16.3.2 will be promoted to the feasible successor.
Traffic destined to the 192.168.1.0 network will be dropped immediately due to lack of a feasible successor.
40
Refer to the exhibit. Which statement is true concerning the routing configuration?
Using dynamic routing instead of static routing would have required fewer configuration steps.
The 10.1.1.0/24 and 10.1.2.0/24 routes have adjacent boudaries and should be summarized.
The static route will not work correctly.
****Packets routed to the R2 ethernet interface require two routing table lookups.
41
A network administrator has enabled RIP on routers B and C in the network diagram. Which of the following commands will prevent RIP updates from being sent to Router A?
A(config)# router rip
A(config-router)# passive-interface S0/0
B(config)# router rip
B(config-router)# network 192.168.25.48
B(config-router)# network 192.168.25.64
A(config)# router rip
A(config-router)# no network 192.168.25.32
***B(config)# router rip
B(config-router)# passive-interface S0/0
A(config)# no router rip
42
Which of the following could describe the devices labeled "?" in the graphic? (Choose three.)
***DCE
***CSU/DSU
LAN switch
***modem
hub
43
Which of the following are required when adding a network to the OSPF routing process configuration? Choose three.)
***network address
loopback address
autonomous system number
subnet mask
***wildcard mask
***area ID
44
The Suffolk router is directly connected to the networks shown in the graphic and has a default route that points to the Richmond router. All interfaces are active and properly addressed. However, when the workstation on network 172.29.5.0/24 sends a packet to destination address 172.29.198.5, it is discarded by the Suffolk router. What can be a reason for this result?
The ip classless command is not enabled on the Richmond router.
***The route was ignored if the Richmond router did not include the 172.29.198.0/24 network in its routing updates.
The Richmond router is in a different autonomous system than the Suffolk router.
The ip subnet-zero command was not configured on the Suffolk router.
The ip classless command is not enabled on the Suffolk router.
45
Refer to the exhibit. When troubleshooting a network, it is important to interpret the output of various router
commands. On the basis of the exhibit, which three statements are true? (Choose three.)
***The missing information for Blank 1 is the command show ip route.
The missing information for Blank 1 is the command debug ip route.
The missing information for Blank 2 is the number 100.
***The missing information for Blank 2 is the number 120.
The missing information for Blank 3 is the letter R.
***The missing information for Blank 3 is the letter C.
46
Refer to exhibit. A company network engineer enters the following commands in the routers:
R1(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2
R2(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1
When the engineer enters the show ip route command on R1, the routing table does not display the static route
to the 10.1.1.0 network. All R1 and R2 interfaces are correctly addressed per the graphic. What is a logical next
step that the engineer could take in order to make the static route display in the routing table in R1?
Enter default routes in R1 and R2.
Enable the R1 and R2 serial interfaces.
***Configure the static route to use an exit interface instead of a next-hop address.
Enter the copy run start command to force the router to recognize the configuration.
47
Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator is testing network connectivity by issuing the tracert command from host A to host B. Given the exhibited output on host A, what are two possible routing table issues on the network? (Choose two.)
Router1 is missing a route to the 172.16.0.0 network
Router1 is missing a route to the 192.168.1.0 network
Router2 is missing a route to the 10.0.0.0 network
***Router2 is missing a route to the 172.16.0.0 network
***Router3 is missing a route to the 10.0.0.0 network
Router3 is missing a route to the 192.168.0.0 network
48
What are two tasks that must be completed before two routers can use OSPF to form a neighbor adjacency?Choose two.)
The routers must elect a designated router.
***The routers must agree on the network type.
***The routers must use the same dead interval.
The routers must exchange link state requests.
The routers must exchange database description packets.
49
Refer to the routing table shown in the exhibit. What is the meaning of the highlighted value 192?
It is the value assigned by the Dijkstra algorithm that designates the number of hops in the network.
It is the value used by the DUAL algorithm to determine the bandwidth for the link.
***It is the metric, which is cost.
It is the administrative distance.
50
Refer to the exhibit. The results of the show ip route command are displayed in the graphic for Router R2. Which route will be selected for a packet with a destination address of 10.1.4.1?
static route to 10.1.0.0/22
RIP route to 10.1.0.0/23
RIP route to 10.1.0.0/24
***0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.0.1
51
Refer to the exhibit. Packets destined to which two networks will require the router to perform a recursive lookup? (Choose two.)
10.0.0.0/8
64.100.0.0/16
128.107.0.0/16
***172.16.40.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
***192.168.2.0/24
52
Which of the following are primary functions of a router? (Choose two.)
***packet switching
microsegmentation
domain name resolution
***path selection
flow control
53
What are three features of CDP? (Choose three.)
***tests Layer 2 connectivity
provides a layer of security
operates a OSI layers 2 and 3
***enabled by default on each interface
used for debugging Layer 4 connectivity issues
***provides information on directly connected devices that have CDP enabled
54
Refer to the exhibit. All routers in the network are running RIPv2 and EIGRP with default routing protocol settings and have interfaces configured with the bandwidths that are shown in the exhibit. Which protocol will be used and how will traffic between the Router1 LAN and Router5 LAN be routed through the network?
RIPv2 will load balance across both paths between Router1 and Router5.
EIGRP will load balance across both paths between Router1 and Router5.
***RIPv2 traffic will use the path Router1, Router2, Router5 because it has the least hops.
EIGRP traffic will use the path Router1, Router3, Router4, Router5 because it has the best metric.
55
Which three statements describe the operation of routing with EIGRP? (Choose three.)
***As new neighbors are discovered, entries are placed in a neighbor table.
If the feasible successor has a higher advertised cost than the current successor route, then it becomes the primary route.
***If hello packets are not received within the hold time, DUAL must recalculate the topology.
***The reported distance is the distance to a destination as advertised by a neighbor.
EIGRP maintains full knowledge of the network topology in the topology table and exchanges full routing information with neighboring routers in every update.
EIGRP builds one routing table that contains routes for all configured routed protocols.
56
Which of the following should be considered when troubleshooting a problem with the establishment of neighbor relationships between OSPF routers? (Choose three.)
***OSPF interval timers mismatch
gateway of last resort not redistributed
***interface network type mismatch
no loopback interface configured
administrative distance mismatch
***inconsistent authentication configuration
57
What is the first step OSPF and IS-IS routers take in building a shortest path first database?
learn about directly connected networks
***send hello to discover neighbors and form adjacencies
choose successors and feasible successors to populate the topology table
flood LSPs to all neighbors informing them of all known networks and their link states
Objavio/la things2share u 17:23, 2 komentar(a), print, #
CCNA2 - Final Exam (Version 2)
ccna2 final version 4.0(97,2%)
Which three statements are true regarding the encapsulation and de-encapsulation of packets when traveling through a router? (Choose three.)
- The router modifies the TTL field, decrementing it by one.
- The router maintains the same source and destination IP.
- The router changes the source physical address to the physical address of the exit interface.
Which of the following are primary functions of a router? (Choose two.)
- packet switching
- path selection
Refer to the exhibit. Which statement is true concerning the routing configuration?
- Packets routed to the R2 ethernet interface require two routing table lookups.
Refer to the exhibit. The results of the show ip route command are displayed in the graphic for Router R2. Which route will be selected for a packet with a destination address of 10.1.4.1?
- 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.0.1
Refer to the exhibit. Packets destined to which two networks will require the router to perform a recursive lookup? (Choose two.)
- 10.0.0.0/8
- 192.168.2.0/24
Refer to the exhibit. Pings are failing between HostA and HostB. The network administrator discovers that Router1 does not have a route to the 172.16.0.0 network. Assuming Router2 is configured correctly, which two static routes could be configured on Router1 to enable Host A to reach network 172.16.0.0? (Choose two.)
- ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 S0/0
- ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.2
What can be determined from the output shown in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
- Montgomery has Layer 2 connectivity with Cumberland.
- Brant, Fisherman, and Potomac are directly connected to Montgomery.
Refer to the exhibit. Which path will traffic from the 172.16.1.0/24 network take to get to the 10.0.0.0/24 network?
- It will load balance the traffic between ADC and ABC
Which two statements are true regarding link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.)
- They are aware of the complete network topology.
- They offer rapid convergence times in large networks
Refer to the routing table shown in the exhibit. What is the meaning of the highlighted value 192?
- It is the metric, which is cost
A router has learned about a network through static and dynamic routing processes. Which route will be used to reach network 192.168.168.0?
- S 192.168.168.0/24 [1/0] via 192.168.200.1
When presented with multiple valid routes to a destination, what criteria does a router use to determine which routes to add to the routing table?
- The router first selects routes with the lowest administrative distance. The resulting routes are then prioritized by metric and the routes with the best metric are added to the routing table.
What does RIP use to reduce convergence time in a larger network?
- It uses triggered updates to announce network changes if they happen in between the periodic updates.
Which three statements are true of holddown timers? (Choose three.)
- prevent update messages from reinstating a route that may have gone bad
- allow routers to still forward packets to destination networks that are in holddown
- permit lower metric updates received from any neighboring router to reinstate the route to a possibly down network
Refer to the exhibit. The network is using the RIPv2 routing protocol. If network 10.0.0.0 goes down, what mechanism will prevent Router1 from advertising false routing information back to Router2?
- split horizon
Refer to the exhibit. The network is running the RIP routing protocol. Network 10.0.0.0 goes down. Which statement is true regarding how the routers in this topology will respond to this event?
- Router5 will send Router4 a triggered update with a metric of 16 for network 10.0.0.0.
What is the purpose of the TTL field within an IP packet header?
- limits the period of time or number of hops a packet can traverse through the network before it should be discarded
A network administrator has enabled RIP on routers B and C in the network diagram. Which of the following commands will prevent RIP updates from being sent to Router A?
- B(config)# router rip
- B(config-router)# passive-interface S0/0
Which statement is true regarding routing metrics?
- Routers compare metrics to determine the best route
Refer to the exhibit. When troubleshooting a network, it is important to interpret the output of various router commands. On the basis of the exhibit, which three statements are true? (Choose three.)
- The missing information for Blank 1 is the command show ip route
- The missing information for Blank 2 is the number 120
- The missing information for Blank 3 is the letter C
Refer to the exhibit. What is the most efficient summarization of the routes attached to router R1?
- 198.18.48.0/21
The network shown in the diagram is having problems routing traffic. It is suspected that the problem is with the addressing scheme. What is the problem with the addressing used in the topology?
- The subnetwork configured on the serial link between Router1 and Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet0 of Router3
Refer to the exhibit. How many routes are both level 1 and qualify for use as an ultimate route?
- 2
The Suffolk router is directly connected to the networks shown in the graphic and has a default route that points to the Richmond router. All interfaces are active and properly addressed. However, when the workstation on network 172.29.5.0/24 sends a packet to destination address 172.29.198.5, it is discarded by the Suffolk router. What can be a reason for this result?
- The ip classless command is not enabled on the Suffolk router
Which three statements describe the operation of routing with EIGRP? (Choose three.)
- As new neighbors are discovered, entries are placed in a neighbor table.
- If hello packets are not received within the hold time, DUAL must recalculate the topology
- The reported distance is the distance to a destination as advertised by a neighbor
Refer to exhibit. Given the topology shown in the exhibit, what three commands are needed to configure EIGRP on the Paris router? (Choose three.)
- Paris(config)# router eigrp 100
- Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.7.0
- Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.8.0
Refer to the exhibit. What two statements are true based on the output shown? (Choose two.)
- neighbors 192.168.10.9 and 192.168.10.5 have auto summary disabled
- router 3 is load balancing traffic to the 172.16.3.0 network across its serial interfaces
Refer to the exhibit. A new PC was deployed in the Sales network. It was given the host address of 192.168.10.31 with a default gateway of 192.168.10.17. The PC is not communicating with the network properly. What is the cause?
- 192.168.10.31 is the broadcast address for this subnet
Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true of the routing table for Router1? (Choose three.)
- The AD of EIGRP routes has been manually changed to a value other than the default value.
- Router1 is running both the EIGRP and OSPF routing process.
- No default route has been configured.
Which of the following could describe the devices labeled "?" in the graphic? (Choose three.)
- DCE
- CSU/DSU
- modem
Using default settings, what is the next step in the router boot sequence after the IOS loads from flash?
- Locate and load the startup-config file from NVRAM
Refer to the exhibit. What are the effects of the exhibited commands on the router?
- Only the enable password is encrypted
When the show cdp neighbors command is issued from Router C, which devices will be displayed in the output?
- B, D
Refer to exhibit. A company network engineer enters the following commands in the routers:
- R1(config)# ip route 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.2
R2(config)# ip route 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1
When the engineer enters the show ip route command on R1, the routing table does not display the static route to the 10.1.1.0 network. All R1 and R2 interfaces are correctly addressed per the graphic. What is a logical next step that the engineer could take in order to make the static route display in the routing table in R1?
- Enable the R1 and R2 serial interfaces
Which two router component and operation pair are correctly described? (Choose two.)
- NVRAM - stores the configuration file
- POST - runs diagnostics on hardware modules
What are three features of CDP? (Choose three.)
- tests Layer 2 connectivity
- enabled by default on each interface
- provides information on directly connected devices that have CDP enabled
Refer to the exhibit. R1 knows two routes, Path A and Path B, to the Ethernet network attached to R3. R1 learned Path A to network 10.2.0.0/16 from a static route and Path B to network 10.2.0.0/16 from EIGRP. Which route will R1 install in its routing table?
- The route via Path A is installed because the static route has the lowest administrative distance to network 10.2.0.0/16.
What command would the network administrator apply to a router that is running OSPF to advertise the entire range of addresses included in 172.16.0.0/19 in area 0?
- R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.31.255 area 0
Refer to the exhibit. What will happen if interface Serial0/0/1 goes down on Router1?
- DUAL will query neighbors for a route to network 192.168.1.0.
What is the function of the OSPF LSU packet?
- used to announce new OSPF information and to reply to certain types of requests
Refer to the exhibit. Hosts on the BOS Fa0/0 LAN are able to ping the Fa0/1 interface on the JAX router and all interfaces on the BOS and ORL routers. Why would hosts from the 10.0.0.0/24 network not be able to ping hosts on the Fa0/0 LAN of the JAX router?
- The JAX router needs the network 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 command.
What are two tasks that must be completed before two routers can use OSPF to form a neighbor adjacency? (Choose two.)
- The routers must agree on the network type.
- The routers must use the same dead interval
Which three statements about routing protocols are true? (Choose three.)
- OSPF elects designated routers on multiaccess links
- EIGRP supports unequal cost load balancing
- RIP does not advertise a route beyond a hop count of 15
A network administrator has configured a default route on Router_A but it is not being shared with adjacent Router_B and the other routers in the OSPF area. Which command will save the administrator the time and trouble of configuring this default route on Router_B and all of the other routers in the OSPF area?
- Router_A(config-router)# default-information originate
Which of the following are required when adding a network to the OSPF routing process configuration? (Choose three.)
- network address
- wildcard mask
- area ID
Which of the following should be considered when troubleshooting a problem with the establishment of neighbor relationships between OSPF routers? (Choose three.)
- OSPF interval timers mismatch
- interface network type mismatch
- inconsistent authentication configuration
Refer to the exhibit. The routers in the exhibit are running the EIGRP routing protocol. What statement is true regarding how packets will travel from the 172.16.1.0/16 network to the 192.168.200.0/24 network?
- The router installs all the equal cost paths in the routing table and performs equal cost load balancing to send packets out multiple exit interfaces
What is the first step OSPF and IS-IS routers take in building a shortest path first database?
- learn about directly connected networks
Refer to the exhibit. Routers 1 and 2 are directly connected over a serial link. Pings are failing between the two routers. What change by the administrator will correct the problem?
- Change the IP address on Serial 0/1/0 on router 2 to 192.168.0.1/30.
Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator issues the command no ip classless on Router1. What forwarding action will take place on a packet that is received by Router1 and is destined for host 192.168.0.26?
- The packet will be dropped.
The network administrator configures the router with the ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.2 command. How will this route appear in the routing table?
- S 172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2
Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator is testing network connectivity by issuing the tracert command from host A to host B. Given the exhibited output on host A, what are two possible routing table issues on the network? (Choose two.)
- Router2 is missing a route to the 172.16.0.0 network
- Router3 is missing a route to the 10.0.0.0 network
Refer to the exhibit. All routers in the network are running RIPv2 and EIGRP with default routing protocol settings and have interfaces configured with the bandwidths that are shown in the exhibit. Which protocol will be used and how will traffic between the Router1 LAN and Router5 LAN be routed through the network?
- EIGRP traffic will use the path Router1, Router3, Router4, Router5 because it has the best metric
Refer to the exhibit. All router interfaces are configured with an IP address and are operational. If no routing protocols or static routes are configured, what information will be included in the show ip route command output for router A?
- Routes to networks 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.3.0/24 will be in the routing table.
Refer to the exhibit. What summary address can Router2 advertise to Router1 to reach the three networks on Routers 3, 4, and 5 without advertising any public address space or overlapping the networks on Router1?
- 172.16.0.0/13
I MUST SAY - GETTING THIS TEST WASN'T EASY :)
Pass4sure CCNA 640-802 2.85
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Pass4sure BSCI 642-901 2.85
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TestInside 640-802 v13 v3.21[192Q]
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Cisco CCNA Study Guide Exam 640-802 6th Edition
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CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide
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ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide, 2nd Ed CD Image
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Testking 640-802 V9 676q
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CCNA2 - Final Exam (unofficial) 2
***** I GOT THESE EXAMS FROM YOU GUYS (site visitors)...
***** SO THESE TESTS ARE NOT THE ONES I USUALLY POST
***** THE ONES I KNOW ARE CORRECT FOR SURE!
I DONT HAVE THE ANSWERS BUT I HOPE THIS WILL BE SOME HELP TO GET PREPARED!
ASAP I GET THE RIGHT EXAMS I WILL POST THEM FOR YOU!
-things2share-
Version II:
1
What is accomplished by segmenting a LAN with a bridge?
*increase large collision domains
reduce large collision domains
reduce small broadcast domains
increase small broadcast domains
2
How many Telnet sessions can take place simultaneously on a router running a sta
ndard edition of the IOS?
4
*5
8
10
3
What is a disadvantage of cut-through switching?
*no error checking
a decrease in error checking
decrease in number of collision domains
decrease in bandwidth
increased latency
4
Which of the following are data link layer encapsulation details? (Choose two.)
*Packets are put into frames.
Data is packaged into a packet.
Data is segmented into segments.
Data is converted for Internet travel.
*An address is added to identify the directly connected device.
5
Select the characteristics specified by 10BaseT. (Choose three.)
*twisted pair cable
T style connectors
*baseband transmission
10 gigabits per second data rate
*10 megabits per second data rate
decimal encoded data transmission
6
A LAN is to be added to an unused router Ethernet interface. What steps must be
performed to configure this interface to allow connectivity to the hosts on this
LAN? (Choose two.)
*Enter the command no shutdown.
A password must be set on the interface.
The interface DCE clock rate must be set.
The interface must be configured for virtual terminal access.
*The interface must be configured with an IP address and subnet mask.
The router must be put in setup mode in order for the interface to be configured
7
Which media types can be used in an implementation of a 10BASE-T network? (Choos
e three.)
Category 5 UTP *
Category 5e UTP *
Category 3 UTP *
coaxial cable
multi-mode fiber
single mode fiber
8
If 4 bits are borrowed from the host field of a Class C address to create subnet
s, what will the range of usable host addresses be in the last subnet?
.224 to .239
.225 to .239
.225 to .254
.241 to .254
.241 to .255
*.240 to .255
9
Which of the following describe how a device on a LAN builds a table of MAC addr
esses? (Choose two.)
*by monitoring the traffic that occurs on the local network segment
via FTP from the nearest router
by sending a request to the nearest domain name server
*by broadcasting an ARP request
10
Which of the following best describes how the Gigabit Ethernet, Media Access Con
trol method views the link?
ring
shared bus
point-to-point *
star
extended star
11
What is the purpose of Positive Acknowledgment and Retransmission (PAR)?
PAR allows the presentation layer to request that data be resent in a format the
destination host can process.
PAR provides a mechanism for the receiving device to request that all segments b
e retransmitted if one segment is corrupt.
*PAR helps ensure that a number of data segments sent by one host are received b
y another host before additional data segments are sent.
PAR is used to renegotiate the window size during the synchronization process.
12
Which criteria identify a Class B address? (Choose two.)
decimal number in first octet between 127-191
decimal number in first octect between 128-192
*decimal number in first octect between 128-191
first bit of binary IP address is 0
*first two bits of binary IP address are 10
first three bits of IP binary address are 110
13
An administrator has made routing protocol changes to a router's configuration.
To ensure that the changes are implemented, the active configuration is saved an
d the router is reloaded. After the router has initialized, the output on the sc
reen displays "Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog?[yes/no]
:" Why did this dialog appear?
There was a POST failure.
The incorrect IOS loaded.
There was an error in the startup configuration file.
*The configuration register was set to ignore NVRAM.
14
What operations are performed during router initialization? (Choose three.)
*The IOS is loaded into RAM.
*The generic bootstrap loader tests all interfaces.
All directly connected network devices are identified.
*A valid configuration file is loaded from NVRAM if specified by the configurati
on register.
A question driven setup menu is presented if a valid configuration file cannot b
e loaded.
15
For a network manager planning the installation of a new network, which of the f
ollowing will be needed to implement a typical 10BASE-T network installation? (C
hoose three.)
RJ-11
BNC connectors
RJ-48 patch cables
RJ-45 connectors *
Category 5 UTP cables *
hubs or switches *
16
A company with a Class B license needs to have a minimum of 1,000 subnets with e
ach subnet capable of accommodating 50 hosts. Which mask below is the appropriat
e one?
255.255.0.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.255.0
*255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
17
A network administrator can establish a remote session to a host using the Route
r> telnet 192.168.1.1 command but is unsuccessful when using the Router> telnet
Boston command to connect to the same interface. Which of the following could be
the problem? (Choose two.)
*The ip host table on the router is not configured.
The command telnet Boston was issued from the wrong router prompt.
The routing table is missing.
*Domain name services are not available.
18
Which of the following network components would be considered Layer 1 devices? (
Choose three.)
*hub
router
bridge
switch
*repeater
*transceiver
19
What is the maximum distance that 10BASE-T will transmit data before signal atte
nuation affects the data delivery?
*100 meters
185 meters
300 meters
500 meters
20
What is the result of executing the erase startup-config command?
It deletes the active configuration file from RAM.
*It deletes the backup configuration file in NVRAM.
It deletes the saved configuration file from ROM.
It deletes the saved configuration file from the C: drive.
21
Which of the following imposes boundaries on broadcast traffic?
Bridge
Repeater
*Router
Transceiver
22
Which utility shows the route a packet takes to reach its destination?
netstat
ping
Telnet
*traceroute
23
Which device is considered a multi-port bridge?
hub
router
*switch
gateway
transceiver
repeater
24
What organization developed the TCP/IP reference model?
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
National Intstitute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Department of the Navy (DoN)
Department of Defense (DoD) *
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Stanford University
25 Which of the following is true regarding CDP and the graphic shown?
CDP running on Router D will gather information about routers A, B, C, and E.
*By default, Router A will receive CDP advertisements from routers B and C.
If routers D and E are running different routing protocols, they will not exchan
ge CDP information.
Router E can use CDP to identify the IOS running on Router B.
26
How would an administrator configure a static route for use if a primary route f
ailed?
configure the route with a metric greater than the default value
configure the route and the router will activate it as needed
configure the route to activate by using the redistribute static command
*configure the route with an administrative distance greater than the default va
lue
27
Convert the Hexadecimal number A2 into its Base 10 equivalent. Select the correc
t answer from the list below.
156
158
160
*162
164
166
28
What happens on an Ethernet network after a collision occurs? (Choose three.)
*A backoff algorithm is invoked and transmission is stopped.
Devices involved in the collision have a random period of time for priority retr
ansmission of the damaged packet.
The devices involved in the collision release a token indicating the time each s
tation may begin retransmitting.
*The devices involved in the collision do not have priority to transmit data.
*The devices with data to transmit return to a listen-before-transmit mode.
Transmit work will restart with the reissuance of all data.
29
Which of the following types of networks pass a token sequentially to each host?
(Choose two.)
Ethernet
*Token Ring
*FDDI
Frame Relay
ISDN
30
What is the length of a MAC address?
8 bits
8 bytes
24 bits
24 bytes
*48 bits
48 bytes
31 Which of the following are TCP services? (Choose three.)
address resolution
*end-to-end communication
*flow control
*reliability of data delivery
path determination
data representation
CCNA2 - Final Exam (unofficial)
***** I GOT THESE EXAMS FROM YOU GUYS (site visitors)...
***** SO THESE TESTS ARE NOT THE ONES I USUALLY POST
***** THE ONES I KNOW ARE CORRECT FOR SURE!
I DONT HAVE THE ANSWERS BUT I HOPE THIS WILL BE SOME HELP TO GET PREPARED!
ASAP I GET THE RIGHT EXAMS I WILL POST THEM FOR YOU!
-things2share-
Version I:
1. Which two statements are true regarding link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.)
They do not work well in networks that require special heirarchical designs.
* They are aware of the complete network topology.
They pass their entire routing tables to their directly connected neighbors only.
* They offer rapid convergence times in large networks.
They rely on decreasing hop counts to determine the best path.
They do not include subnet masks in their routing updates.
2. Which three statements about routing protocols are true? (Choose three.)
* OSPF elects designated routers on multiaccess links.
RIP does not support classless routing.
* EIGRP supports unequal cost load balancing.
EIGRP uses broadcast traffic to establish adjacencies with its neighbors.
* RIP does not advertise a route beyond a hop count of 15.
OSPF can convergence more quickly because it can find a feasible successor in its topology table when a successor route goes down.
3. What does RIP use to reduce convergence time in a larger network?
It reduces the update timer to 15 seconds if there are more then 10 routes.
* It uses triggered updates to announce network changes if they happen in between the periodic updates.
It uses random pings to detect if a pathway is down and therefore is preemptive on finding networks that are down.
It uses multicast instead of broadcast to send routing updates.
4. What can be determined from the output shown in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
Annapolis is a 2611 router that is connected to the S0/0 interface of the Montgomery router.
All of the routers are connected to Montgomery through an Ethernet switch.
* Montgomery has Layer 2 connectivity with Cumberland.
Layer 3 connectivity is operational for all of the devices listed in the Device ID column.
An administrator consoled into the Waldorf router can ping the Brant router.
* Brant, Fisherman, and Potomac are directly connected to Montgomery.
5. Refer to the exhibit. The results of the show ip route command are displayed in the graphic for Router R2. Which route will be selected for a packet with a destination address of 10.1.4.1?
static route to 10.1.0.0/22
RIP route to 10.1.0.0/23
RIP route to 10.1.0.0/24
* 0.0.0.0/0 via 192.168.0.1
6. Refer to the exhibit. All router interfaces are configured with an IP address and are operational. If no routing protocols or static routes are configured, what information will be included in the show ip route command output for router A?
All of the 192.168.x.0 networks will be in the routing table.
* Routes to networks 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.3.0/24 will be in the routing table.
The routing table will be empty because routes and dynamic routes have not been configured.
A default route is automatically installed in the routing table to allow connectivity between the networks.
7. Which of the following should be considered when troubleshooting a problem with the establishment of neighbor relationships between OSPF routers? (Choose three.)
* OSPF interval timers mismatch
gateway of last resort not redistributed
* interface network type mismatch
no loopback interface configured
administrative distance mismatch
* inconsistent authentication configuration
8. Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is trying to figure out why BOS does not have the 10.0.0.0/24 network in its routing table. All routers are configured for OSPF in area 0. The links between the routers are operational and the administrator is able to ping between all router interfaces. What is a logical next step that the network administrator should take to troubleshoot the problem?
Reboot the routers.
Change the OSPF process ID on all of the routers to 0.
Check to see if the cable is loose between BOS and JAX.
Check to see if CDP packets are passing between the routers.
* Use show and debug commands to determine if hellos are propagating.
9. Refer to the exhibit. What two statements are true based on the output shown? (Choose two.)
the reported distance to network 172.16.1.0 is 2172416
192.168.10.5 and 192.168.10.9 are feasible successors
* neighbors 192.168.10.9 and 192.168.10.5 have auto summary disabled
* router 3 is load balancing traffic to the 172.16.3.0 network across its serial interfaces
all interfaces shown on Router3 are in the passive state and will not send EIGRP advertisements
10. The network shown in the diagram is having problems routing traffic. It is suspected that the problem is with the addressing scheme. What is the problem with the addressing used in the topology?
The address assigned to the Ethernet0 interface of Router1 is a broadcast address for that subnetwork.
* The subnetwork configured on the serial link between Router1 and Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet0 of Router3.
The subnetwork assigned to the Serial0 interface of Router1 is on a different subnetwork from the address for Serial0 of Router2.
The subnetwork assigned to Ethernet0 of Router2 overlaps with the subnetwork assigned to Ethernet0 of Router3.
11. What is the function of the OSPF LSU packet?
used to confirm receipt of certain types of OSPF packets
used to establish and maintain adjacency with other OSPF routers
used to request more information about any entry in the BDR
* used to announce new OSPF information and to reply to certain types of requests
12. Which of the following are primary functions of a router? (Choose two.)
* packet switching
microsegmentation
domain name resolution
* path selection
flow control
13. Refer to the exhibit. What summary address can Router2 advertise to Router1 to reach the three networks on Routers 3, 4, and 5 without advertising any public address space or overlapping the networks on Router1?
* 172.16.0.0/8
172.16.0.0/10
172.16.0.0/13
172.16.0.0/20
172.16.0.0/24
14. What is the first step OSPF and IS-IS routers take in building a shortest path first database?
* learn about directly connected networks
send hello to discover neighbors and form adjacencies
choose successors and feasible successors to populate the topology table
flood LSPs to all neighbors informing them of all known networks and their link states
15. Which three statements describe the operation of routing with EIGRP? (Choose three.)
* As new neighbors are discovered, entries are placed in a neighbor table.
If the feasible successor has a higher advertised cost than the current successor route, then it becomes the primary route.
* If hello packets are not received within the hold time, DUAL must recalculate the topology.
* The reported distance is the distance to a destination as advertised by a neighbor.
EIGRP maintains full knowledge of the network topology in the topology table and exchanges full routing information with neighboring routers in every update.
EIGRP builds one routing table that contains routes for all configured routed protocols.
16. A network administrator has configured a default route on Router_A but it is not being shared with adjacent Router_B and the other routers in the OSPF area. Which command will save the administrator the time and trouble of configuring this default route on Router_B and all of the other routers in the OSPF area?
Router_A(config-router)# ospf redistribute default-route
Router_B(config-router)# ospf redistribute default-route
* Router_A(config-router)# default-information originate
Router_B(config-router)# default-information originate
Router_A(config-router)# ip ospf update-default
Router_B(config-router)# ip ospf update-default
17. Which of the following are required when adding a network to the OSPF routing process configuration? (Choose three.)
* network address
loopback address
autonomous system number
subnet mask
* wildcard mask
* area ID
18. A network administrator has enabled RIP on routers B and C in the network diagram. Which of the following commands will prevent RIP updates from being sent to Router A?
A(config)# router rip
A(config-router)# passive-interface S0/0
B(config)# router rip
B(config-router)# network 192.168.25.48
B(config-router)# network 192.168.25.64
A(config)# router rip
A(config-router)# no network 192.168.25.32
* B(config)# router rip
* B(config-router)# passive-interface S0/0
A(config)# no router rip
19. Which statement is true regarding routing metrics?
All routing protocols use the same metrics.
EIGRP uses bandwidth as its only metric.
* Routers compare metrics to determine the best route.
The larger metric generally represents the better path.
20. Refer to the exhibit. The network is running the RIP routing protocol. Network 10.0.0.0 goes down. Which statement is true regarding how the routers in this topology will respond to this event?
Router4 will learn about the failed route 30 seconds later in the next periodic update.
Split horizon will prevent Router4 from fowarding packets to the 10.0.0.0 network until the holddown timer expires.
Router5 immediately flushes the unreachable route from its routing table.
* Router5 will send Router4 a triggered update with a metric of 16 for network 10.0.0.0.
21. What command would the network administrator apply to a router that is running OSPF to advertise the entire range of addresses included in 172.16.0.0/19 in area 0?
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.3.255 area 0
R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.15.255 area 0
* R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.31.255 area 0
22. Refer to the exhibit. How many routes are both level 1 and qualify for use as an ultimate route?
1
* 2
3
4
5
6
23. Refer to the exhibit. What will happen if interface Serial0/0/1 goes down on Router1?
The Dijkstra algorithm will calculate the feasible successor.
* DUAL will query neighbors for a route to network 192.168.1.0.
Neighbor 172.16.3.2 will be promoted to the feasible successor.
Traffic destined to the 192.168.1.0 network will be dropped immediately due to lack of a feasible successor.
24. Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator issues the command no ip classless on Router1. What forwarding action will take place on a packet that is received by Router1 and is destined for host 192.168.0.26?
I dont have chapters exam, if u have it share or paste somewhere for example in "ksiega gosci" on the right of the page
ccna 4 v4.0 final exam 91% correct
4.0)
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An administrator has configured a dual-stack router, employing IPv6 and IPv4 on all interfaces and RIPng for routing. All IPv6 traffic reaches its destination as desired, but only directly connected IPv4 networks can be reached. What is the cause of this problem?
All interfaces have been configured with the incorrect IPv4 addresses.
When IPv4 and IPv6 are configured on the same interface, all IPv4 addresses are shut down in favor of the newer technology.
RIPng is incompatible with dual-stack technology.
RIP needs to be configured in addition to RIPng to successfully use IPv4.*
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Refer to the exhibit. R1 is performing NAT Overload for the 10.1.1.0/24 inside network. Host A and Host B are both trying to communicate with the web server using a source port of 1234. If the packet from Host A arrives at R1 first, what happens to the packet from Host B?
It is dropped.
It is queued until the session of Host A is completed and the port becomes available.
It is translated, keeping the source port number 1234.
It is assigned the first available port number in its range.*
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What are the symptoms when the s0/0/0 interface on a router is attached to an operational CSU/DSU that is generating a clock signal, but the far end router on the point-to-point link has not been activated?
show interfaces s0/0/0 indicates serial down, line protocol down. show controllers indicates cable type “unknown”.
show controllers indicates cable type DCE V.35. show interfaces s0/0/0 indicates serial up, line protocol down.
show controllers indicatse cable type DTE V.35. show interfaces s0/0/0 indicates serial up, line protocol down.
show controllers indicates cable type DTE V.35. show interfaces s0/0/0 indicates serial down, line protocol down.*
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A router in a Frame Relay network needs to forward a message received from a host. What two methods does the router use to identify the correct VC to forward the message? (Choose two.)
The router forwards the frame to all ports in the network and learns the address from the reply frame.
The destination host IP address is embedded in the DLCI.
The router searches Inverse ARP tables for maps of DLCIs to IP addresses.*
A table of static mappings can be searched.*
The router broadcasts a request for the required IP address.
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Refer to the exhibit. To solve split horizon routing issues, the Frame Relay network has been redesigned to include subinterfaces. The appropriate frame-relay map commands have been configured on each router. Site to site pings are not successful. What will fix the problem?
The subinterfaces must be given addresses in separate subnets.*
The no ip split-horizon command must be issued on S0/0/0 on R2.
The DLCI numbers on each end of the PVCs must match.
The addressing has to be changed to publicly routable addresses.
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Refer to the exhibit. Which two statements are true regarding the configuration shown? (Choose two.)
Before Layer 3 protocols are negotiated, the routers test the quality of the link.*
After the quality of the link is tested, LCP negotiates the compression and authentication options.
Before Layer 3 protocols are negotiated, the routers authenticate using a three-way handshake.*
After LCP negotiations are complete, the IP connection shows as OPEN.
When data exchange is complete, NCP terminates the link.
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Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is trying to configure a router to use SDM but it is not functioning correctly. What could be the problem?
The username and password are not configured correctly.
The authentication method is not configured correctly.
The HTTP timeout policy is not configured correctly.
The vtys are not configured correctly.*
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Refer to the exhibit. This serial interface is not functioning correctly. Based on the output shown, what is the most likely cause?
interface reset
improper queuing strategy
unplugged cable
PPP negotiation failure*
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What two events can occur when a Frame Relay switch detects its queue filling faster than it can process data? (Choose two.)
Frames in excess of the CIR are not accepted by the switch.
Frames with the DE bit set are dropped from the switch queue.*
Frames with the FECN and BECN bits set are dropped from the switch queue.
The switch sets the FECN bit on all frames it receives on the congested link and sets the BECN bit on all frames it places on the congested link.*
The switch sets the FECN bit on all frames it places on the congested link and sets the BECN bit on all frames it receives on the congested link.
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Refer to the exhibit. Which statement correctly describes how Router1 processes an FTP request entering interface s0/0/0, destined for an FTP server at IP address 192.168.1.5?
It matches the incoming packet to the access-list 101 permit ip any 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 statement, continues comparing the packet to the remaining statements in ACL 101 to ensure that no subsequent statements prohibit FTP, and then allows the packet in interface s0/0/0.
It matches the incoming packet to the access-list 201 permit any any statement and allows the packet in interface s0/0/0.
It matches the incoming packet to the access-list 101 permit ip any 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 statement, ignores the remaining statements in ACL 101, and allows the packet in interface s0/0/0.*
It reaches the end of ACL 101 without matching a condition and drops the packet because there is no access-list 101 permit any any statement.
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Refer to the exhibit. What VPN feature is being represented?
digital certificates
encapsulation
encryption
hashing*
tunneling
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Refer to the exhibit. A new HR server has just been physically installed and configured in the data center by a vendor. The vendor certified that the server has passed all internal quality checks. The application console of the server indicates that the application has loaded and is functioning normally. However, in the initial client testing, the HR department workers report that the application is completely non-functional. The server is also unable to get to the Internet to perform updates. Which troubleshooting efforts are appropriate for these symptoms?
The lack of Internet connectivity indicates a likely problem in the lower layers. Begin with physical connectivity on the server and proceed with a bottom-up methodology.
Narrow the scope of the investigation by ensuring that no other general connectivity problems exist between the affected clients and other company resources. Use a divide-and-conquer approach by checking the functionality of the intervening switches, beginning with the physical layer.*
Because an external vendor installed the server increases the odds of an installation error. Use a top-down methodology by having the vendor reinstall and check each application, and then follow the layers down through the physical layer.
Isolate the problem area by obtaining and installing a protocol analyzer on the server. Coordinate with the test users to capture application traffic. Have the vendor analyze the captured traffic to determine the problem.
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Refer to the exhibit. The SSH connections between the remote user and the server are failing. The correct configuration of NAT has been verified. What is the most likely cause of the problem?
SSH is unable to pass through NAT.
There are incorrect access control list entries.*
The access list has the incorrect port number for SSH.
The ip helper command is required on S0/0/0 to allow inbound connections.
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A system administrator must provide Internet connectivity for ten hosts in a small remote office. The ISP has assigned two public IP addresses to this remote office. How can the system administrator configure the router to provide Internet access to all ten users at the same time?
Configure static NAT for all ten users.
Configure dynamic NAT for ten users.
Configure dynamic NAT with PAT.*
Configure DHCP and static NAT.
What the administrator wants to do cannot be done.
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When configuring a Frame Relay connection, what are two instances when a static Frame Relay map should be used? (Choose two.)
when the remote router is a non-Cisco router
when the remote router does not support Inverse ARP*
when the local router is using IOS Release 11.1 or earlier
when broadcast traffic and multicast traffic over the PVC must be controlled*
when globally significant rather than locally significant DLCIs are being used
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Refer to the exhibit. What is placed in the address field of a frame that will travel from the DC office of ABC company to the Orlando office?
MAC address of the Orlando router
MAC address of the DC router
192.168.1.25*
192.168.1.26
DLCI 100
DLCI 200*
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Which three functions are provided by the Local Management Interface used in Frame Relay networks? (Choose three.)
exchange information about the status of virtual circuits
map DLCIs to network addresses*
provide flow control*
provide error notification
provide congestion notification
send keepalive packets to verify operation of the PVC*
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Refer to the exhibit. While troubleshooting a failed NAT connection, an administrator notices an asterisk (*) on several lines in the debug output. What does this indicate?
The asterisk indicates congestion in the path that may result in dropped packets.
The asterisk indicates that the translation is proceeding in the fast-switched path, and the administrator should look for other potential causes for the problem.*
The asterisk indicates that the traffic is being forced to use a default route.
The asterisk indicates connections that fail to open and requires further investigation of the NAT configuration.
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Refer to the exhibit. Branch A has a Cisco router. Branch B has a non-Cisco router set for IETF encapsulation. After the commands shown are entered, R2 and R3 fail to establish the PVC. The R2 LMI is Cisco, and the R3 LMI is ANSI. The LMI is successfully established at both locations. What is the likely problem?
LMI types must match on each end of a PVC.
The PVCs at R2 use different encapsulation types. A single port can only support one encapsulation type.
Multipoint topologies are Cisco proprietary. The PVC to R3 must be point to point.
The ietf parameter is missing from the frame-relay map ip 10.10.10.3 203 command.*
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Refer to the exhibit. Which two statements are true regarding the configuration shown? (Choose two.)
LCP sends a Configure-Reject frame.
LCP tests the quality of the link.*
The routers authenticate using plain text passwords.
NCP terminates the link when data exchange is complete.
LCP uses link management frames to manage and debug a link.*
Layer 3 protocol options are negotiated immediately after the Configuration-Acknowledgement frame is sent.
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What are three features of the CHAP protocol? (Choose three.)
exchanges a random challenge number during the session to verify identity*
sends authentication password to verify identity*
prevents transmission of login information in plain text*
disconnects the PPP session if authentication fails
initiates a two-way handshake
is vulnerable to playback attacks
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Refer to the exhibit. A system administrator is unable to ping the S0 interface of the West router from the East router. During the troubleshooting process, the following facts are established:
- IP addressing and subnet masks are correct.
- East is a Cisco router and West is a router from another vendor.
What should the administrator do to solve the problem?
Enable the serial interface on West.
Change the encapsulation on both routers to PPP.*
Add a clock rate on East.
Replace the serial cable used to attach the CSU/DSU to West.
Set the loopback interface on East.
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The command show frame-relay map gives the following output:
Serial 0 (up): ip 192.168.151.4 dlci 122, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active
Which three statements represent what is shown?(Choose three.)
192.168.151.4 represents the IP address of the remote router*
192.168.151.4 represents the IP address of the local serial interface
DLCI 122 represents the interface of the remote serial interface
DLCI 122 represents the local number used to connect to the remote address*
broadcast indicates that a dynamic routing protocol such as RIP v1 can send packets across this PVC*
active indicates that the ARP process is working
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What type of access control list must be used to create a reflexive ACL?
any extended IP ACL
named extended IP ACL *
numbered extended IP ACL
any standard or extended IP ACL
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Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator creates a standard access control list to prohibit traffic from the 192.168.1.0/24 network from reaching the 192.168.2.0/24 network while still permitting Internet access for all networks. On which router interface and in which direction should it be applied?
interface fa0/0/0, inbound
interface fa0/0/0, outbound
interface fa0/0/1, inbound
interface fa0/0/1, outbound*
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An established company has recently transitioned from outsourced LAN support to a completely in-house staff. The outsourcing company is no longer in business, so no records are available. There are many user complaints about application speed and availability. What two considerations apply to this situation?
A network utilization baseline should quickly reveal application availability.
A period of 24 to 48 hours should provide a sufficient baseline to track normal network activity.
It is easier to start with monitoring all available data inputs on application servers, and then fine-tune to fewer variables along the way.
The initial baseline results have little relevance to current values after the network has been modified or grown in usage.
When it is practical, network administrators should attempt to automate the collection of performance data and stay away from manual collection.*
Creating a network baseline data helps determine device thresholds for alerting.*
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Refer to the exhibit. What type of VPN access is established from each location?
Locations A and B – Site-to-site VPN
Locations C, D, and E - Remote access VPN
Locations A, B, and C – Site-to-site VPN*
Locations D and E - Remote access VPN*
Locations A, B, C, and D – Site-to-site VPN
Location E - Remote access VPN
All locations can establish either site-to-site VPN or remote access VPN.
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Refer to the exhibit. A packet is being sent from Host A to Host B through the VPN tunnel between R1 and R3. When the packet first arrives at R3, what are the source and destination IP addresses of the packet?
Source 192.168.1.2 - Destination 192.168.4.2 *
Source 192.168.3.1 - Destination 192.168.3.2
Source 192.168.2.1 - Destination 192.168.3.2
Source 192.168.3.1 - Destination 192.168.4.2
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Which three statements accurately describe a security policy? (Choose three.)
It creates a basis for legal action if necessary.*
It defines a process for managing security violations.*
It defines acceptable and unacceptable use of network resources.
The remote access policy is a component of the security policy that governs acceptable use of e-mail systems.
It is kept private from users to prevent the possibility of circumventing security measures.
It provides step-by-step procedures to harden routers and other network devices.*
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A technician has been asked to run Cisco SDM one-step lockdown on the router of a customer. What is the result of running these tests?
Security testing is performed and the results are saved as a text file stored in NVRAM.
All traffic entering the router is quarantined and checked for viruses before being forwarded.
The router is tested for potential security problems and any necessary changes are made.*
Traffic is only forwarded from SDM-trusted Cisco routers.
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Refer to the exhibit. A new client Host A sent a DHCPDISCOVER message to the DHCP server located on a different subnet. How is the DHCPOFFER message sent to Host A by the DHCP server?
as a unicast using the Layer 2 MAC address of the server as a source address and the Layer 2 address of Host A as a destination address
as a unicast using the Layer 2 MAC address of the server as a source address and the Layer 2 address of the router as a destination address*
as a broadcast to all nodes on the subnet 172.1.16.10.0/24 using the Layer 2 MAC address of the server as a source address
as a broadcast to all nodes on subnet 172.16.10.0/24 using the Layer 2 MAC address of the router as a source address
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What are two main components of data confidentiality? (Choose two.)
checksum
digital certificates
encapsulation*
encryption*
hashing
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Refer to the exhibit. Which statement is true regarding the configuration shown?
DLCI 110 has global significance.
Point-to-point interfaces utilize bandwidth more efficiently.
The IP address should have been configured on interface Serial0/0.
The encapsulation should have been configured on the subinterface.
This configuration will have fewer split horizon problems without suffering from routing loops.*
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Which statement is true regarding wildcard masks?
The wildcard mask and subnet mask perform the same function.
The wildcard mask is always the inverse of the subnet mask.
A "0" in the wildcard mask identifies IP address bits that must be checked.*
A "1" in the wildcard mask identifies a network or subnet bit.
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The SDM homepage for a router displays which three pieces of information? (Choose three.)
ARP cache
amount of total and available flash memory*
routing table
number of configured LAN interfaces*
if a DHCP server is configured*
number of routers on the LAN
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Refer to the exhibit. What types of switching technologies are used to carry voice and data traffic over the WAN connections shown in Scenario 1 and Scenario 2?
Scenario 1: packet switching
Scenario 2: packet switching
Scenario 1: circuit switching*
Scenario 2: circuit switching*
Scenario 1: circuit switching
Scenario 2: packet switching
Scenario 1: packet switching
Scenario 2: circuit switching
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What functionality do access control lists provide when implementing dynamic NAT on a Cisco router?
defines which addresses are excluded from the NAT pool
defines which addresses are assigned to a NAT pool
defines which addresses are allowed out of the router
defines which addresses can be translated*
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While troubleshooting a failed VPN connection, a technician opens an SDM connection to a router and notices a message box with a login button, a configured IPSec policy, and that the router is configured as a DMVPN hub. What is the most likely cause of the failed connection?
The connection has been administratively closed on the other end of the connection.
The VPN tunnel has failed due to problems at the physical layer.
The timeout interval is set too low to allow the tunnel to be maintained.
XAUTH has been enabled for the tunnel, and the username and password must be supplied.*
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A network administrator must provide WAN connectivity between a central office and three remote sites: Orlando, Atlanta, and Phoenix. The Orlando and Atlanta remote offices receive sales orders and transmit shipping confirmations to the Central office consistently throughout the day. The Phoenix remote office consists of one salesperson traveling through the southwest territory. The salesperson occasionally needs to connect to the Central office for e-mail access. What two methods could the network administrator recommend to connect the remote sites to the Central office? (Choose two.)
Connect to the Atlanta and Orlando remote offices with Frame Relay connections.*
Connect to the Atlanta and Orlando remote offices with ISDN connections.
Connect to the Atlanta and Orlando remote offices with POTS dial-up connections.
Connect to the Phoenix remote office with a Frame Relay connection.
Connect to the Phoenix remote office with a POTS dial-up connection.*
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Refer to the exhibit. The link between the CTRL and BR_1 routers is configured as shown in the exhibit. Why are the routers unable to establish a PPP session?
The CHAP passwords must be different on the two routers.
The clock rate must be 56000.
Interface serial 0/0 on CTRL must connect to interface serial 0/1 on BR_1.
The IP addresses are on different subnets.
The usernames are misconfigured.*
The clock rate is configured on the wrong end of the link.
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Refer to the exhibit. What are two reasons that explain why the workstation with the IP address 192.168.1.153/28 fails to access the Internet? (Choose two.)
The NAT inside interfaces are not configured properly.*
The NAT outside interface is not configured properly.
The router is not properly configured to use the access control list for NAT.*
The NAT pool is not properly configured to use routable outside addresses.
The access control list does not include the IP address 192.168.1.153/28 to access the Internet.
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Which two statements are true regarding the Security Wheel? (Choose two.)
Testing can be done with IDS tools.
Monitoring can be done using tools like SATAN, Nessus, or NMap.
Steps taken to secure the network should be based on the security policy.*
The improve phase of the Security Wheel describes the initial implementation of the guidelines in the security policy to secure the network.
Securing the network requires an adequate threat defense using packet filtering and HIPS, secure connectivity via VPNs, and secure trust relations using authentication.*
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Refer to the exhibit. A technician has been asked to troubleshoot a failed connection between two routers. What can be determined by analyzing the output shown? (Choose two.)
The physical connection between the two routers has failed.
The failure occurs in an OSI layer other than layers 1 and 2.*
Encapsulation should be changed to PPP to solve the problem.
The bandwidth has been set to the value of a T1 line.*
The IP address of S0/0 is invalid, given the subnet mask being used.
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Which protocol should be chosen to support WAN connectivity in a multi-vendor system and provide strong security through authentication?
NAT with DHCP
Frame Relay
HDLC with encryption
HDLC with CHAP
PPP with PAP
PPP with CHAP*
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Refer to the exhibit. R1 is performing NAT overload for the 10.1.1.0/24 inside network. Host A has sent a packet to the web server. What is the destination IP address of the return packet from the web server?
10.1.1.2:1234
172.30.20.1:3333*
10.1.1.2:3333
172.30.20.1:1234
192.168.1.2:80
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What three statements describe the roles of devices in a WAN? (Choose three.)
A CSU/DSU terminates a digital local loop.*
A modem terminates a digital local loop.
A CSU/DSU terminates an analog local loop.
A modem terminates an analog local loop.*
A router is commonly considered a DTE device.*
A router is commonly considered a DCE device.
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Refer to the exhibit. The network administrator is trying to back up the router Cisco IOS software and receives the output shown. The network administrator also cannot ping the TFTP server. What should be done to solve this problem?
Make sure that the Cisco IOS checksum is valid.
Start the TFTP server software on the TFTP server.*
Confirm there is enough room on the TFTP server for the Cisco IOS software.
Make sure that the router has a route to the network where the TFTP server resides.
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An administrator has been asked to implement broadband connections for all teleworkers in the department. Which three options, if available in the area, would satisfy this request? (Choose three.)
cable*
dialup
DSL*
IEEE 802.11g
ISDN
satellite*
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At what physical location does the responsibilty for a WAN connection change from the user to the service provider?
demilitarized zone (DMZ)
demarcation point*
local loop
cloud
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Refer to the exhibit. Which three statements are true? (Choose three.)
NAT overloading is enabled.
Dynamic NAT is enabled.*
Address translation will fail.*
Interface configurations are incorrect.*
The host with an address of 192.168.1.255 will be translated.
Traffic entering serial interface 0/0/2 is translated before exiting serial interface 0/0/0.
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Which two statements are true regarding IPv6? (Choose two.)
It is inherently more secure than IPv4.*
It can only be configured on an interface that does not have IPv4 on it.
It can automatically configure the IPv6 addresses on end devices.*
Routing efficiency is slightly reduced because of the length of IPv6 addresses.
There is no way to translate between IPv4 addresses and IPv6 addresses.
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A technician is talking to a colleague at a rival company and comparing DSL transfer rates between the two companies. Both companies are in the same city, use the same service provider, and have the same rate/service plan. What is the explanation for why Company A reports higher download speeds than Company B?
Company B has a higher volume of POTS voice traffic than Company A.
Company B shares the conection to the DSLAM with more clients than Company A.
Company A only uses microfilters on branch locations.
Company A is closer to the service provider.*
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Which two statements are true regarding network attack mitigation? (Choose two.)
Using non-alphanumeric characters prevents a brute-force password attack.
Using secure passwords is the best way to mitigate reconnaissance attacks.
Using payload encryption helps to mitigate attacks using malicious code, such as worms or viruses.
DoS and DDoS attacks prevent legitimate users from using network devices and are not easily mitigated.*
User education helps prevent social engineering and the spread of viruses.
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Which three items are LCP options that can be configured for PPP? (Choose three.)
CHAP*
Stacker*
IPCP
CDPCP
Multilink*
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Refer to the exhibit. How is the TCP/IP information specified by the default-router and dns-server commands made available to the clients in the network 10.0.1.0/24?
Each of the addresses must be manually configured on each of the network clients.
The TCP/IP information is dynamically configured on each network client.*
The TCP/IP information is available on the DHCP server only.
The TCP/IP information is excluded on the DNS server only.
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What effect would the Router1(config-ext-nacl)# permit tcp 172.16.4.0 0.0.0.255 any eq www command have when implemented inbound on the f0/0 interface?
All traffic from any network destined for the Internet is permitted.
All traffic from 172.16.4.0/24 is permitted anywhere on any port.
Traffic originating from 172.16.4.0/24 is permitted to all port 80 destinations.*
All TCP traffic is permitted, and all other traffic is denied.
The command is rejected by the router because it is incomplete.
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Refer to the exhibit. A host connected to Fa0/0 is unable to acquire an IP address from this DHCP server. The output of the debug ip dhcp server command shows "DHCPD: there is no address pool for 192.168.1.1". What is the problem?
The 192.168.1.1 address has not been excluded from the DHCP pool.
The pool of addresses for the 192Network pool is incorrect.*
The default router for the 192Network pool is incorrect.
The 192.168.1.1 address is already configured on Fa0/0.
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After examining server logs, a network administrator noticed that most of the servers on the network were probed for open TCP ports 80 and 8080 by an unknown remote user. Which type of attack would this most likely represent?
access
Trojan horse
reconnaissance*
denial of service
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What is a major characteristic of a worm?
malicious software that copies itself into other executable programs
tricks users into running the infected software
a set of computer instructions that lies dormant until triggered by a specific event
exploits vulnerabilities with the intent of propagating itself across a network*
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Which statement is true about the metro Ethernet packet-switched WAN technology?
Requires the network address to be assigned to the subscriber to establish a switched virtual circuit (SVC).
Provides a switched, high-bandwidth network capable of managing data, voice, and video all on the same infrastructure.*
Requires a DLCI number to be assigned to the subscribers to establish a permanent virtual circuit (PVC).
Provides permanent voice connectivity to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
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Refer to the exhibit. When does Router1 apply the dynamic access list named testlist to interface fa0/0?
15 seconds after receiving Telnet traffic from 10.1.1.1/24
when a Telnet session to 10.1.1.1/24 is authenticated
immediately after receiving traffic on port 23 from 10.1.1.1/15
immediately after receiving traffic from the 10.1.1.0/24 network destined for the 172.16.1.0/24 network
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Which three statements are true about creating and applying access lists? (Choose three.)
Access list entries should filter in the order from general to specific.
One access list per port per protocol per direction is permitted.*
Standard ACLs should be applied closest to the source while extended ACLs should be applied closest to the destination.
There is an implicit deny at the end of all access lists.*
Statements are processed sequentially from top to bottom until a match is found.*
The inbound keyword refers to traffic entering the network from the router interface where the ACL is applied.
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Refer to the exhibit. What happens if the network administrator issues the commands shown when an ACL called Managers already exists on the router?
The commands overwrite the Managers ACL that is already on the router.
The commands are added at the end of the Managers ACL that is already on the router.*
The commands are added at the beginning of the Managers ACL that is already on the router.
The network administrator receives an error stating that the ACL already exists.
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Refer to the exhibit. Which two conclusions can be drawn from the output shown? (Choose two.)
This network is experiencing congestion.
The Frame Relay connection is in the process of negotiation.
Data is not flowing in this network.
The network is discarding eligible packets.
The DLCI is globally significant.
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What can a network administrator do to recover from a lost router password?
perform a reload or reset
telnet from another router and issue the show running-config command to view the password
boot the router to ROM monitor mode and configure the router to ignore NVRAM when it initializes
boot the router to bootROM mode and enter the b command to load the IOS manually
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